Programme Evaluation Skill-Based Language Teaching Approach

Question: Depict about the Program Evaluation for Skill-Based Language Teaching Approach. Answer: What are five convincing purposes behind showing letter acknowledgment and naming? The five convincing explanations behind showing the letter acknowledgment and naming are as per the following: English arrangements with the framework identified with the alphabetic composition, henceforth letter acknowledgment helps in the learning of the alphabetic standards. Mindfulness towards the phonological Correspondence of the letters and the sounds Letter acknowledgment and naming will likewise help in improving the jargon and the oral appreciation, for example, the talking, tuning in, expressive language and responsive (Dincer and Yesilyurt, 2013). What proof disperses the conviction that dyslexia comes from insufficiencies in the visual-perceptual framework? Dyslexia is characterized as such a learning issue, that is clear as a trouble in perusing, or spelling and furthermore in some science cases. The perusers influenced by the dyslexic yield more slow reaction when contrasted with the non-dyslexic perusers while naming the items (Dincer and Yesilyurt, 2013). What represents the misidentification of letters such asbanddby understudies with dyslexia? The misconception of the letters b and d by the understudy is because of trouble in explicit realizing, which causes issue in the riding, composing or spelling the things. The scholarly incapacity or the neurological imperfection may likewise be the explanation of misidentification. What is the twofold shortage? Twofold shortage is characterized as such a hypothesis of dyslexia, that an individual deficiency in the two significant aptitudes additionally offers ascend to the perusing exhibitions of the most reduced level and furthermore counsels the serious types of the dyslexia. What are the standards of viable letter acknowledgment and naming guidance? The standards required for the better acknowledgment of the letter and the guidance are to comprehend and follow the alphabetic standards, which helps in understanding the orderly connection between the letters and the verbally expressed sound. The standards of utilizing the phonics will likewise support (Terry, 1989). What are three significant parts of perusing? Perusing Familiarity Jargon These are the three segments which are significant for the perusing (Terry, 1989). What techniques do talented perusers use as they read to interpret new words? The talented client utilizes the procedures of word assault which help the perusers to comprehend and articulate the new words. For unraveling the new words, one should utilize the systems of utilizing the intimations of pictures, sound noisy the word out, will rehash the past new words and will search for the hints (Bernstein, 2004). What are the key components of translating guidance, and by what means can these components can be incorporated into a day by day exercise plan? The key component of the interpreting guidance is to utilize the guidance of the phonics and help the understudies to pick up the aptitudes of the disentangling. For deciphering guidance one the phonics is to be educated with the utilization of methodical, unequivocal and the multi tangible utilization of the phonics. These components can be coordinated with showing them with the multi tangible methodology with all the learning styles in the study hall (Setiyadi, 2014). For what reason is familiar perusing imperative to appreciation, and how might it be improved? Familiar perusing helps in growing such a capacity of perusing the test rapidly and precisely. The exercises of the familiarity help in improving the mood, perfection and speed while perusing. Also, it very well may be improved by the accomplice perusing or the continued perusing. How are perusing and spelling the same, and how would they vary? Perusing and spelling are similar as both have the proportional connection between them. Both learning and perusing depend on same fundamental information on the letters and the sounds. The both vary as the perusing is the intellectual procedure and is a lot simpler at that point spelling (Setiyadi, 2014). How is spelling imperative to perusing and composing improvement? Spelling encourages the understudies to know about the examples of the spellings and their applications. This assists with anticipating the better structure of the obscure words which thusly helps in the perusing and composing improvement (Tuan, 2010). Defineorthography, phonetics, phonology, phonics,andmorphology. Orthography is such arrangement of convections of composing a language. Phonetics manages the hints of the human discourse. Phonology is worried about the deliberate sound association in the dialects. Phonics is that technique for showing composing and perusing by the building up the consciousness of the phonemic in the students. Morphology manages the examination, distinguishing proof and structure depiction of the given language (Arkã„â ±n, 2010). How does familiarity with other language areas influence spelling precision? The attention to the next language space assists with spreading over the language abilities of the higher request, and subsequently helps in expanding the precision of the spelling. What makes a word unpredictable for spelling? Will a word be ordinary for perusing and sporadic for spelling? Could a word be unpredictable for perusing and customary for spelling? The words are sporadic for the spelling in light of the fact that a similar sound has a wide range of spellings. The words are sporadic for the spelling since they don't adhere to the principles of the phonic or spelling. Indeed a word can be customary for perusing yet unpredictable for spelling, for instance, two and as well. What standards and procedures describe word learning in youth and for the duration of the life expectancy? The learning of the alphabetic standards helps in acknowledgment of the letter of the letters in order. The procedures of the phonemic mindfulness likewise help the kid to portray the words. This procedure encourages the youngsters to become familiar with the alphabetic request arrangement of the letter from start to finish (Wu and Alrabah, 2014). What elements impact word realizing during perusing? The components, for example, the letters in order, the oral harsh speech aptitudes and the phonemic mindfulness are the components which impacts the learning of the word during perusing. What attributes of jargon guidance best influence the advancement of jargon abilities? What elements ought to be thought of? The autonomous, continued perusing, uproarious understanding abilities, utilization of the word reference are the qualities helps in the advancement of the jargon aptitudes. The components, for example, the phonological advancement in the childrens, letter naming and the arranging aptitudes, logical examination, morphemic investigation and related mindfulness are to be thought of (Johnson and Jackson, 2006). In what manner should words be chosen for jargon guidance? The words are chosen for upgrading and building up the composition, perusing and talking aptitudes. The words chose for the jargon guidance are to be those words which are to be comprehended and utilized by the understudy without the guidance. Furthermore should choose such words which are found at a wide range of spots and is frequently utilized with the language of more significant level. Thirdly, such words are to be chosen which are of the lower recurrence. Depict techniques for inferring word implications. Depict exercises that show singular word implications. Methodologies for determining the word implications are the utilization of the word reference, logical examination, morphemic investigation and related mindfulness. The exercises that shows the people the word implications are the broad and wide autonomous use of the readings, word play or the word awareness exercises upgrades the individual learning of the word implications. How has perusing guidance changed in the course of recent years? Perusing guidance has changed a great deal in the previous 50 years, presently the strategy for the narrating is utilized. The books for the perusing are currently more promptly accessible. These days the quiet understanding guidance or the cooperative perusing directions are to be utilized. Which two basic abilities are required for cognizance? Associating letters and sound Unraveling the content Which six stages guarantee that cognizance procedures will be summed up? Earlier information actuation Producing and responding to questions Confirming and Making forecasts Representation and mental symbolism are utilized Checking cognizance Story structure Recognizing What methodologies were recognized by the National Reading Panel as the best or most encouraging techniques for educating appreciation? Depict every procedure. The three dominating procedures are to be recognized by The National Reading Panel for supporting the cognizance understanding abilities: jargon guidance, arrangement of instructors to convey guidance identified with technique and dynamic perusing. The procedure of jargon guidance helps in the advancement of the jargon and aides in understanding what is perused by the understudy. Second procedure is of the instructors readiness which causes the understudies to build up the perusing and comprehension of the understudies with the perusing. Third technique is the connection between the content and the peruser is a functioning procedure a requires the mindful and deliberate association. What steps do talented perusers take when they experience a barrier to their comprehension of the content? The talented perusers utilize the perception systems for improving the exceptionally viable comprehension. The perusers likewise utilize the agreeable learning and utilize the inquiry noting structures for the better comprehension of the content. References Arkã„â ±n, F. (2010). Program assessment: Skill-based language showing approach in EFL.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), pp.3339-3350. Bernstein, S. (2004). Composing and White Privilege: Beyond Basic Skills.Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, 4(1), pp.128-132. Dincer, A. furthermore, Yesilyurt, S. (2013). Pre-Service English Teachers Beliefs on Speaking Skill Based on Motivational Orientations.English Language Teaching, 6(7). Johnson, K. furthermore, Jackson, S. (2006). Looking at language instructing and other-aptitude tea

5 Hour Energy Marketing Analysis

Analyzing A Marketing Strategy: 5 Hour Energy As he came back from a characteristic items public expo, Manoj Bhargava pondered to himself, â€Å"If I’m tired, do I likewise need to be parched? † As he considered this acknowledgment, he started to process it as a correlation of treatment of both a stomachache and a cerebral pain. A half year later he was entering one of the most immersed advertises in the nation, with a progressive item and a promoting plan that developed from the placeholder name it despite everything bears on the 3. 5 million units sold every year. - Hour Energy netted north of $600 million a year ago and as of now holds a 90% piece of the pie in the vitality shot business. A significant part of the company’s achievement can be credited to a severe client centered showcasing plan, aim on separating themselves in a serious market by pointedly responding to client center gatherings. In dismembering the promoting methodology of Living Essential LLC ’s 5-Hour Energy, I will detail how the organization had the option to effectively focus on a market and position its’ item for supported, since quite a while ago run productivity. Market segmentation† is portrayed as separating a market into unmistakable fragments that have comparative needs or practices and carry on in comparative manners. Living Essential’s Bhargava had an item he accepted could contend in the quickly growing caffeinated drink showcase. The concentrate presently moved to recognizing objective gatherings of people that could be pulled away from the significant players, for example, Red Bull and Monster. With an objective to trap the caffeinated drink advertise with a client responsive item, Living Essential started spreading out a $60 million research intend to recognize an objective market and build up a strong situating strategy.The group of analysts and clinicians set out on a three year, across the nation inquire about journey, using center gatherings, social information assortment, overview research and cross-sectional market examination. At the center of this exertion was a conviction that in a monopolistically serious market, the item expected to separate itself by straightforwardly satisfying client requests. The most glaring aftereffect of the company’s gigantic showcasing research was that making a beneficial situation in the caffeinated drink advertise was just going to be conceivable by separating 5-Hour Energy from a lot bigger aggregate distributers.The item, all by itself, had a purposes of equality clothing list when contrasted with other vitality advancing sodas. Research demonstrated that purchasers were for all intents and purposes detached with regards to the flavor, substance and final products of well known brands. The information did, be that as it may, produce a few key zones where the potential for item separation appeared out like a reference point of light in a huge dark gap. Livin g Essential’s advertising group started quickly building up an arrangement dependent on these very purposes of separation, which would slingshot the organization into the market head in just three short months.Equipped with the information about the objective market they needed to reach and the upper hand openings inside the market, Living Essential started to refine its’ item. The advertising research results were at the bleeding edge of item advancement. The choice was made that the organization would not contend in refrigerated coolers with bigger makers. One of the numerous client protests about caffeinated drinks is that they have to devour almost 12 ounces of a profoundly charged, sweet refreshment so as to get the shock for which they were looking.From this information, 5-Hour Energy’s most significant item idea was conceived: two-ounce bottles. Living Essential originator Manaj Bhargava had unwittingly distinguished one of the items greatest purposes of separation about a year earlier on his arrival departure from the normal items meeting: Must you be parched, in light of the fact that you’re tired? The appropriate response from item center gatherings was a reverberating: â€Å"No! † Purchasers of caffeinated drinks essentially needed vitality. They were not immersed in the imperative utilization of unnecessary sugar calories that would, eventually, lead to a â€Å"crash†, when the body had exhausted the fake energy.The 5-Hour Energy item was presently creating, with an end goal to satisfy client request. This was the principal significant development toward turning into an interest showcased item. Basic perception of the promoting endeavors of well known caffeinated beverages will lead you to the objective segment that caffeinated drink makers trust their item will draw in. In the event that you have ever observed ESPN’s extraordinary games rivalry, the X Games, the rate chances are that you are a 13-mu lti year old boy.Even on the off chance that you don’t happen to fall into that classification, it would be extremely evident that caffeinated drinks have regarded this segment as their essential buyer targets. About each competitor’s outerwear is covered with red-winged patches and most are expeditiously furnished with a post-rivalry caffeinated drink, logo confronting outwards, at the finish of their â€Å"extreme† occasion. 5-Hour Energy’s promoting group subsequently suggested the conversation starter following their examination results: â€Å"Are youngsters the main individuals in this world who are searching for additional vitality? All things considered, it may be said that little youngsters have a lot of vitality without jazzed consolation. Living Essential currently had its’ second significant purpose of separation on which to dispatch an advertising effort. Looking for a specialty that would offer access to the caffeinated drink showcase , Living Essential situated itself as an item centered around people who work extended periods, keep up non-conventional calendars and hold readiness basic positions. In opposition to their opposition, 5-Hour Energy endeavored to interest socioeconomics, for example, homemakers, specialists and expert athletes.Advertising endeavors were designed for fatigued experts rather than BMX riding adrenaline junkies. The hidden hypothesis was that everybody needs vitality. That being stated, there was no room in the market for one more caffeinated drink. Living Essential couldn't deliver another practically identical item and rival the brand acknowledgment Red Bull and Monster previously had set up. Utilizing research information, Living Essential had distinguished the product’s separation points of interest and the objective market for improving continued productivity in the caffeinated drink market.The organization, still directionally drove by statistical surveying, presently expec ted to decide at what value shoppers would esteem their item. The end that 5-Hour Energy couldn't viably contend with enormous makers was made, due for the most part to the expense of retail space in refrigerated coolers. By making this concession nonetheless, it constrained the upstart makers to investigate the retail spaces and the verifiable idea of the item really made an upper hand. The appropriate response lay in the physical size of the item. Since 5-Hour Energy was not advertising itself as a vitality â€Å"beverage,† it didn’t eed to put the item in coolers close to Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Rather, the organization settled on the choice to showcase 5-Hour Energy as a retail location thing. There was no compelling reason to have the jugs chilled, as customers put no extra incentive in temperature of just 2 ounces of consumable fluid. Next, they decided the size of the item gave them a valuing advantage too. The expense of creation for a 2-ounce item, when contraste d with the normal 8-12 ounces of the competitors’ caffeinated drinks, was unquestionably more expense effective.By diminishing net revenues somewhat, so as to sell 5-Hour Energy at a lower cost to buyer, they had the option to expand the product’s esteem contrasted with rivalry. Living Essentials presented the item in test markets at GNC stores in a few geographic markets estimated at two containers for $5. Following multi week, the wellbeing food store detailed that a portion of its stores had really executed hang tight records for the following shipments of 5-Hour Energy. The group at Living Essential acknowledged they had a special item, undiscovered objective market and value point, that had perpetual potential.Bound still by the powerlessness to monetarily bolster a huge standard circulation, the organization recruited little wholesalers to hawk the item to accommodation stores, urging them to put it on the counter close to lighters and key chains. It didn't take long for bigger contenders to pay heed to the achievement that 5-Hour Energy was appreciating. The small, upstart bundle had not just taken piece of the overall industry from the enormous names in the caffeinated drink advertise, it had made from this offer a completely extraordinary market. The term Energy Shot was born.Today, all the significant makers of caffeinated drinks have mixed to enter the vitality shot market, yet 5-Hour Energy has the main genuine brand-acknowledgment. Living Essential spends an unobtrusive sum on publicizing so as to keep up its’ authority position, yet proceeds with a no nonsense methodology. Like the name of the item, which was just implied as a spot holder initially until an attractive name was considered, 5-Hour Energy conveys a good old Proctor and Gamble message: Here’s the item, Here’s the highlights; Here’s the Benefits.It has been stated, that one doesn't have to have concocted elastic to sell tires. 5-Hour Energy di dn't make a market in vitality advancing refreshments. Truth be told, their acknowledgment that they couldn't have made due in such a market, is the essential explanation behind their prosperity. The movement of Living Essentials vitality shot item strengthens the standards of showcasing and the powers that great advertising can have on shopper practices. At the point when the center movements from selling individuals your item, to delivering the item they need, the chances of continued gainfulness are exponentially expanded. - Hour Energy used on a very basic level sound research methods to build up a showcasing plan that stressed the upper hand

How to Cope With OCD and Sexual Dysfunction

How to Cope With OCD and Sexual Dysfunction OCD Living With OCD Print How to Cope With OCD and Sexual Dysfunction By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Frederic Cirou / Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions If you have OCD, you know that it can be difficult to establish and maintain an intimate relationship. A major barrier for many people with OCD engaging in a romantic relationship is problems related to sexual functioning. The Link Between OCD and Sexual Dysfunction For many people, one of the key ingredients required for a healthy romantic relationship is an active sex life. Although sexual problems are relatively common, research suggests that people with OCD report higher than average levels of problems with sexual functioning. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for people with OCD to experience: Trouble becoming sexually arousedA low sex driveDissatisfaction with their sexual partnerA fear of having sexHigh levels of disgust when thinking about sexual activities. Feelings of disgust may be particularly severe if you experience obsessions related to contamination (e.g., germs contained within bodily secretions), sexual violence (e.g., rape, molestation) or religion (e.g., sinful of prohibited sexual behavior). Although sexual difficulties in people with OCD and other anxiety disorders have often been chalked up to side-effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (which are commonly known to have sexual side effects), research suggests that these problems run deeper than a simple problem with medication and likely reflect larger problems with interpersonal functioning, self-esteem and/or specific obsessions related to sex. Women with OCD may be particularly affected by problems with sexual functioning. In comparison to men with OCD, women with OCD are often more sexually avoidant and may have greater difficulty reaching orgasm. Tips to Cope With Sexual Dysfunction If You Have OCD Manage your symptoms. The first step towards revitalizing your sex life is to get proper treatment  that will allow you to better manage your symptoms; especially if you are experiencing obsessions related to contamination or sexual violence. Although not all treatments work for everyone, there are a variety of pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic options that can provide relief of your symptoms. If you are already currently receiving treatment but still experiencing sexual difficulties, it may be time to discuss other options. Treatment Options for OCD Tell your treatment provider. As embarrassing as it can be, if you are experiencing sexual difficulties, it can often be very helpful to inform a treatment provider such as a doctor, nurse or psychologist whom you trust. Some sexual difficulties can be caused by underlying health problems or by medication, and it is important that these be ruled out before seeking out OCD-specific treatment options. Get your partner involved. If you are currently engaged in a sexual relationship, it may be helpful to engage your partner in treatment. The more your partner understands your symptoms, the more you will be able to trust one another. Not being aware of the challenges you are facing could lead to misunderstandings (like he/she doesnt find me attractive anymore) that get in the way of building intimacy and trust - the basis of any healthy sexual relationship. Join a support group.  Community support groups  for OCD can be excellent sources of social support and provide an opportunity to hear how others are dealing with feelings of isolation or embarrassment caused by sexual difficulties. Living Well with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Aristotle And Plato s Influence On Western Philosophical...

Throughout the history of philosophy, philosophers from all eras have tirelessly tried to explain the consciousness and being of man. Beginning with the Ancient Greek philosophers who played an important role in the shaping of western philosophical tradition, who eventually broke away from a mythological approach to explaining the world, and gave rise to an method based on reason and evidence with main concern of explaining the entire cosmos. The Pre-Socratic philosophers strived to identify the single underlying principle in other words; they strived to solve the problem of the one and the many. Then there were the medieval times, which are traditionally divided into two main periods: the period within the Latin West which was then followed by the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century. At this time, Aristotle and Plato’s works were conserved and cultivated. And the second period was the golden age of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the pinnacle of the recovery of ancient philosophy, along with a reception of the Arabic commentators, and immense developments in the fields of Logic, Metaphysics and the Philosophy of religion. Philosophical development in the medieval era is considered by modern historians to be heavily influenced by Christian theology. One of the most notable thinkers of this era is Thomas Aquinas, and ironically never considered himself a philosopher, and criticized philosophers for always falling short of the trueShow MoreRelatedPlatos Influence on the Western Civilization950 Words   |  4 Pages Plato and His Relation to Western Civilization Plato is one of the succinct psychologists, analyst, and scholar the world has ever had. He is a lucrative figure in the birth, generation, and early development of the western civilization. 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Relationship Between Deviance and Mental Illness

Deviance and mental illness often go hand-in-hand. While not all deviants are considered mentally ill, almost all mentally ill persons are considered deviant (since mental illness is not considered normal). When studying deviance, then, sociologists also often study mental illness. Theoretical Frameworks The three main theoretical frameworks of sociology regard mental illness a little differently, however, they all look to the social systems in which mental illness is defined, identified, and treated. Functionalists believe that by recognizing mental illness, society upholds values about conforming behavior. Symbolic interactionists see mentally ill persons not as sick, but as victims of societal reactions to their behavior. Finally, conflict theorists, combined with labeling theorists, believe that the people in a society with the fewest resources are the most likely to be labeled mentally ill. For instance, women, racial minorities, and the poor all suffer higher rates of mental illness than groups of higher social and economic status. Further, research has consistently shown that middle- and upper-class persons are more likely to receive some form of psychotherapy for their mental illness. Minorities and poorer individuals are more likely to only receive medication and physical rehabilitation, and not psychotherapy. Sociologists have two possible explanations for the link between social status and mental illness. First, some say it is the stresses of being in a low-income group, being a racial minority, or being a woman in a sexist society that contributes to higher rates of mental illness because this harsher social environment is a threat to mental health. On the other hand, others argue that the same behavior that is labeled mentally ill for some groups may be tolerated in other groups and so therefore not labeled as such. For instance, if a homeless woman were to exhibit crazy, â€Å"deranged† behavior, she would be considered mentally ill whereas if a rich woman exhibited the same behavior, she might be seen as merely eccentric or charming. Women also have higher rates of mental illness than men. Sociologists believe that this stems from the roles that women are forced to play in society. Poverty, unhappy marriages, physical and sexual abuse, the stresses of rearing children, and spending a lot of time doing housework all contribute to higher rates of mental illness for women. Sources: Giddens, A. (1991). Introduction to Sociology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton Company. Andersen, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM INSIGHTS Free Essays

AIS – Final Study Chapter Highlights Chapter 1 – ACCOUNTING SYSTEM INSIGHTS 1. Enterprise system – A system that supports business activities throughout the enterprise, including inputs, processing, and outputs 2. Integrated enterprise system – Shares data across functional areas within the enterprise 3. We will write a custom essay sample on ACCOUNTING SYSTEM INSIGHTS or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business processes – Related activities performed by an enterprise to create value by transforming input into output 4. Value chain – An organizing framework for business processes, beginning with vendors and ending with customers Baseline accounting system – A model that provides an enterprise-wide view of the firm`s accounting system 1. Transaction cycles – Accounting transactions related to specific business processes (1) Purchasing cycle – Transactions related to purchasing items from vendors (2) Payroll cycles – Transactions with employees (3) Sales cycle – Exchange or transactions between an enterprise and its customers 2. Vendors module – A module related to purchasing goods and services 3. Customers module – A module related to selling the customer a product or service 4. Employee module – A module related to the payroll cycle 5. Banking module – A module that involves cash received and cash paid 6. Financial module – A module that includes adjusting and correcting entries (1) Adjusting entries – Entries to bring accounts up to date at year end (2) Correcting entries – Entries to correct errors (3) Closing entries – Zeros out income and expense accounts at year end 7. Reports module – A module that relates to output from the accounting system (1) Financial reports – Reports that include a company`s income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows (2) Tax reports – Reports used when filling federal, state, and local returns (3) Management reports – Reports prepared to assist managers in making decisions (4) Sustainability reports – Reports used to evaluate an enterprise`s sustainability performance What is the importance and value of information as an asset? Today, the value of information assets for some business exceeds the value of other assets, such as land and buildings What is the role of the accounting system within the larger enterprise system? * The accounting system spans the entire value chain of an enterprise, tracking transaction information from the purchase of items from vendors through the sale of products or services to customers. Business processes are associated with the related acco unting transactions known as transaction cycles. Also read  Modules 9 10 The purchasing cycle consists of employee and payroll transactions. The sales cycle involves exchanges or transactions between an enterprise and its customers. In addition to the accounting system, other modules or subsystem can include supply chain management (SCM), operations/production system (OPS), human resource management (HRM), and customer relationship management (CRM). What are the database essentials that today’s accounting professional needs to know? 1) A field is a piece of data, such as customer first name (2) A record is a collection of related fields, such as a customer record (3) A table is a collection of related records, such as a CUSTOMER table (4) A database is a collection of related tables, such as an accounting database (5) A database form is a computer-based form for entering data into the database (6) A database query is used to extract data from a database, such as searching for a customer’s account balance. (7) A database report is a computer- based output to display What are the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) phases? The system development life cycle organizes the activities involved in developing a new system into the following six distinct phases: (1) Plan the system project including scheduling, budgeting, and staffing (2) Analyze the new system requirements, such as what reports are required and what data needs to be collected by the system (3) Design business processes and databases for the new system (4) Build/buy and test databases and computer programs for the new system (5) Install new IT hardware, software, and databases 6) Deploy the new system, using the system on an ongoing basis and maintaining and updating it as necessary. Why is it important to safeguard information assets? * To protect information assets, organizations implement security and controls to prevent fraud, unauthorized access, modification, destruction, or disclosure. Internal control is the set of policies and procedures enterprises use to safeguard assets, including information assets, and to prevent and detect errors. What are the three functions of an accounting system in today’s business environment? 1) Collecting, recording, and storing financial and accounting data (2) Providing financial analytics and business intelligence for improved decision making and business performance (3) Safeguarding information assets stored in accounting systems using security, controls, and risk management Chapter 2 – ACCOUNTING DATABASES 1. Operational database – Databases used to store data related to business operations and transactions 2. Data warehouse – Stores data from a variety of sources and is used for business intelligence 3. Database administrator (DBA) – Responsible for managing the enterprise’s databases 4. Intersection table – Placed at the junction of two tables to eliminate a many-to-many relationship 5. Composite primary key – Used when more than one field is required to uniquely identify a record 6. Normalization – A process for removing database anomalies or problems 7. Database integrity – Ensures that the database contains accurate, valid data Rule 1: Entity integrity Each record in the database must have a unique identifier. No two records in the database can have the same primary key value. Rule 2: Primary key integrity The primary key value cannot be null (empty). Rule 3: Domain integrity The field values must be from a pre-defined domain. Rule 4: Referential integrity Data referenced and stored in related tables must be consistent across the database. DBMS is a software used to (1) Create database tables (2) Transfer data from the accounting software to the database (3) Update data in the database (4) Delete data from the database (5) Sort database tables (6) Run queries What data is stored in accounting databases? * Organizations store data about assets, liabilities, operations, transactions, employees, customers, vendors, and more in databases. Accounting databases needs to be well structured, redundancy-free, consistent, and current What are the three tiers in accounting system architecture? (1) Database tier: The back-end accounting database stores accounting data in database tables. A back-end database management system (DBMS) sorts, stores, inserts, updates, and deletes accounting data and runs queries (2) Application tier: Accounting software applications interact with the DBMS to access the back-end accounting database (3) User tier: The user tier consists of the interface appearing on the accountant’s computer screen. The user interface consists of database forms and reports. What are enterprise databases? * Enterprise databases used by an enterprise for business purposes can be considered as one of two types: internal databases or external databases (1) Internal databases are databases in which the data belongs to the organization. Internal databases consist of two varieties: operational databases and data warehouses. Operational databases, such as an accounting database, store enterprise transactions. Data warehouses store data from a variety of sources. 2) External databases are databases containing data collected by other organizations. What problems can result from poorly designed databases? * Poorly designed databases may contain database problems or anomalies, such as problems with inserting, updating, and deleting data. This can result in inaccurate, unreliable accounting data. * Three types of database anomalies (problems) are DUI: Deletion, Update, Insertion What are the steps used to bu ild an accounting database? (1) Identify and build database tables (2) Identify and enter fields in each database table (3) Select the primary key for each table 4) Identify and build relationships among database tables, removing any many-to-many relationships by creating intersection tables Chapter 3 – ACCOUNTING INTERFACE 1. Graphical User Interface (GUI) – User interface containing images and icons 2. Data validation – Tools used to minimize data entry errors, such as drop-down lists 3. Real-time reports – Reports that provide up-to-the-minute data without a time lag 4. Live reports – Reports that provide up-to-the-minute data continuously 5. Structured query language (SQL) – Code used to search and retrieve data 6. Query Builder Tools – Streamlines query development What is the role of the accounting system interface? * The accounting system user interface plays an important role in entering accounting data and retrieving accounting information. The accountant views the interface on the screen, and the RDBMS and database are behind the screen. The accounting software interface interacts with the RDBMS using database forms, queries, and reports. Features of a well-designed interface include user-friendly, effortless navigation, and customizable preferences. What is the role of database forms? Database forms are commonly used to input data into accounting system. The database forms are frequently designed to look like commonly used and familiar items, such as an invoice or a check. What is the role of database reports? * The output of the accounting system is typically displayed in a report format. The report displayed on the user’s computer screen is actually a database report that is formatted to meet accounting requirements. The database report uses information from the database to populate the report. What is the role of database queries? * One component of the user interface is retrieval or query. Sometimes the interface will call this a search and provide a form where the search question can be entered. In other instances, a query may be run to prepare a report, retrieving data from the database to enter into the database report that appears on the user’s computer screen. Well-designed database forms are designed to save time and minimize data entry errors. A few general guidelines for database form design include the following: (1) Enter data once (2) Use data validation (3) Enable auto entry (4) Mirror paper forms (5) Design user-friendly forms (6) Implement appropriate security Chapter 4 – ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AND B. PROCESSES 1. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) – a technique used to document business processes using agent, event, data store, and data flow symbols 2. Data flows – shows how data enter, moves, and exits a system 3. Data stores – a database table represented by an open rectangle 4. Events – a process represented by a rounded rectangle 5. Agents – a person or department represented by a square symbol 6. External agent – an agent outside the enterprise 7. Internal agent – employees within the organization 8. Event-agent-database (EAD) table – each row in this table corresponds to an event in a DFD 9. DFD Fragment – a DFD of a single event 10. Black hole – a DFD error that occurs when data goes into a process but no data exists 11. Gray hole – a DFD error that occurs when the input data does not correspond to the output data 12. Miracle – a DFD error that occurs when there is no input to a process The approach to reading a DFD is to use the following four steps (1) Identify the agents (internal and external) (2) Identify events (3) Identify database tables (4) Trace the data flows How are accounting systems developed today? * Today, most accounting systems are developed in two stages. First, baseline accounting software is selected. Then the accounting software is customized to meet the enterprise’s specific needs. How is customization of accounting systems documented? * Customizing an accounting system involves documenting the specific needs of the enterprise using data flow diagrams to provide a detailed view of the enterprise’s business processes. Each module of the baseline model can be customized to meet the enterprise’s needs. Additional modules might also be needed to provide the required customization, such as a production module to track manufacturing costs. Chapter 5 – BUSINESS PROCESSES 1. Gap Analysis refers to analyzing the gap between the baseline modules and the customization required to meet enterprise-specific needs. 2. Big Bang refers to when all system modules are built and implemented for the entire enterprise at the same time. 3. Stages refers to when modules or locations for a new system are built and implemented stage by stage instead of all at once. How are business processes documented? * The baseline accounting system can be customized using data flow diagrams (DFDs) to document the enterprise’s business processes. What is gap analysis? * A gap analysis identifies the gap between the selected baseline system, such as SAP, and the customization required by the specific enterprise. What is the difference between the big bang approach and stages approach to customization? * The two approaches to customization are big bang and stages. The big bang approach is used when all the modules are built and implemented for the entire enterprise at the same time. The stages approach involves completing modules or locations stage by stage instead of all at once. What is a workflow management system? Workflow management systems automate workflow by automatically forwarding the electronic document to the next step in the business process. Chapter 6 – INTEGRATED ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS 1. Order-to-cash – corresponds to the sales cycle 2. Procure-to-pay – corresponds to the purchasing cycle 3. Spaghetti code – programming code used to connect stand-alone systems 4. Three-tier architecture à ¢â‚¬â€œ when an enterprise system uses layers of IT components: enterprise database, application, and client computers 5. Firewall – software programs on a router that monitor network traffic 6. Business process management (BPM) – transforming business processes to improve efficiency Top Reasons for Failed ERPs include the following: (1) Unrealistic budget. Underestimated costs. Overestimated benefits. (2) Unrealistic schedule. Not enough time allowed for project completion. (3) Not a good fit. User requirements are not net. Baseline system not a good fit with business processes. (4) Too much change. Failure to educate employees on changes to expect. Lack of adequate change management. (5) Lack of project champion at the top. Commitment by top management is lacking to champion the project. What are advantages of an integrated enterprise system? * The integrated enterprise system offers many advantages over the functional silo approach to enterprise systems. The accounting functions are integrated into the larger enterprise system, permitting accounting to share data with other functional areas and better coordinate activities. What are challenges associated with an integrated enterprise system? * Challenges of an integrated enterprise system include business processes that may need to be redesigned and managing the changes required by the new system. How is data entered in an integrated enterprise system? Database forms that relate to business process activities permit users to enter data once into the IES and have the data shared throughout the enterprise, eliminating the need for different functional areas to rekey the same data. How does an integrated enterprise system relate to the accounting system? * Integrated enterprise system use a modular approach that is con sistent with the baseline accounting system model. The basic module names may vary but the functions are basically the same. Integrated enterprise systems integrate accounting with other modules for an enterprise. Customer and vendor systems can also be integrated. Chapter 10 – FRAUD AND INTERNAL CONTROL 1. Entity-level IT controls – processes, organization structure, and leadership for IT to support an organization’s business strategy and objectives, such as internal audits 2. IT general controls – controls that apply to IT services in general and ensure continued IT operation and availability, such as change and access controls 3. Application controls – controls embedded within business process applications, such as accounting software controls A. Classification by the control objectives specified in the COSO internal control framework: i. Operation controls – controls to ensure that operations are completed appropriately, such as the timing of cash disbursements to ensure that late fees are avoided ii. Financial controls – controls to ensure that external financial reports are prepared on a timely basis in compliance with laws, regulation, or contractual agreements iii. Compliance controls – controls to maintain confidentiality of information in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations B. Classification by how the process is completed: iv. Manual controls – controls performed without the assistance of technology v. Automated controls – controls performed automatically by computers 1. Input controls – controls over data entered into the system 2. Processing controls – controls to ensure that amounts have been processed appropriately 3. Output controls – controls to ensure that reports are distributed only to appropriate users vi. Hybrid controls – a combination of manual and automated controls What is SOX and how does it affect the accounting system? Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation resulted from the accounting scandals of 2002. This legislation requires organizations to use recognized framework for internal controls. As a result, many organizations adopted COSO’s Internal Control – Integrated Framework and the COBIT framework for IT controls What is IT control architecture? * IT control architecture is a blueprin t for IT controls in the organization. This blueprint shows that internal control impacts IT at three levels within the organization resulting in three levels of IT controls: * Entity-level IT controls Application controls * IT general controls How can control weaknesses be documented? (1) Build a DFD (2) Document preventive and selective controls on the DFD (3) Document control HotSpots on the DFD Fraud and abuse can be classified into three broad categories: (1) Corruption, such as bribery (2) Misappropriation of assets, including theft of cash, fraudulent disbursements, or stealing merchandise (3) Fraudulent financial reporting, such as misstating financial statements in order to meet earning targets. Three elements required to prove fraud are the followings: 1) A material false statement is made with the intent to deceive (2) A victim relies upon the false statement (3) The victim incurs damages The fraud triangle depicts the three conditions that typically must exist in order f or a fraud to be perpetrated (1) Motive – reason for committing the fraud, such as financial difficulties (2) Opportunity – access to the asset or financial statements in order to carry out the fraud (3) Means – knowledge or skills that permit the perpetrator to commit the crime Internal Control is a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel. This process is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in effectiveness and efficiency of operations, reliability of financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) emphasize a strong system of internal control as a means of avoiding Enron-sized accounting frauds. SOX Requirements to remember (1) Section 302. Corporate responsibility for financial reports (2) Section 404. Management assessment of internal controls (3) Section 806. Protection for employees of publicly traded companies who provide evidence of fraud (4) Section 906. Corporate responsibility for financial reports Audit and Internal Controls (SOX) (1) Audit of internal control – tests of controls to obtain evidence that internal control over financial reporting has operated effectively (2) Audit of financial statements – tests of controls to assess risk and substantive procedures to collect evidence regarding the accuracy, completeness (3) IT audit – audit of IT controls 4) Integrated audit – integrates an audit of internal control with an audit of financial statements There are two types of deficiencies that may be found in internal control over financial reporting: (1) Material weakness – deficiency that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis (2) Significant deficiency – a deficiency in internal control o ver financial reporting that is less severe than a material weakness COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission) Internal Control Objectives 1) Effectiveness and efficiency of operations (2) Reliability of financial reporting (3) Compliance with laws and regulation Internal Control Components (1) Control environment – control environment factors include integrity and ethical values, importance of board directors, management philosophy and operating style, organization structure, commitment to financial reporting competencies, authority and responsibility, and human resources (2) Risk assessment – involves identifying, analyzing, and managing risks that affect a company’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data properly. Risk assessment control objectives include the following: A. Importance of financial reporting objectives B. Identification and analysis of financial reporting risks C. Assessment of fraud risk (3) Control activities – include policies and procedures to mitigate risks including financial, operational, and compliance controls. Control activities include the following: D. Segregation of duties – to divide authorization, recording, and asset custody among different individuals E. Independent reconciliations of assets and accounting records – such as bank statement reconciliations and inventory reconciliations F. Physical controls – to provide for physical security of assets, such as security cameras and restricted access to corporate buildings G. IT controls – to ensure appropriate information processing, authorization, and data integrity. (E. g. Data validation) (4) Information and communication – includes the accounting system for identifying, recording, processing, and reporting transactions and financial data. An organization’s system produces reports, containing operational, financial, and compliance information. Internal control principles related to this component include information technology, information needs, information control, management communication, upstream communication, board communication, and communication with external parties (5) Monitoring – involves assessing internal controls as well as the process for taking corrective action if needed. Effective monitoring includes: H. Ongoing monitoring – such as controls over purchasing I. Separate evaluations – such as an internal audit that assesses internal controls. J. Upstream communication to report internal control deficiencies COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) Three Dimensions (1) IT Resources can be divided into the following four categories: A. Application – consists of manual and programmed procedures to process information B. Information – includes structured and unstructured data in any form, such as text, graphics, pictures, audio and video. Data is input, processed, and output by the system C. Infrastructure – refers to IT technology including hardware and software. It may also include physical structures, such as a data center facility D. People – includes staff members as well as their knowledge and skills to plan, organize, acquire, implement, deliver, support, monitor, and evaluate IT processes and systems (2) IT Processes deliver information, run applications, and use infrastructure and people to accomplish IT goals in light of business requirements. IT processes are grouped into the following four domains E. Plan and Organize (PO) domain – relates to IT strategy and tactics to contribute to attaining business goals F. Acquire and Implement (AI) domain – identifies, acquires (built or bought), and implements IT solutions. Also ensures that the SDLC phases and activities are used when upgrading and modifying current systems G. Deliver and Support (DS) domain – concerned with the delivery of IT services. Encompasses IT operations, security and training. Assures the continued support and maintenance of these services H. Monitor and Evaluate (ME) domain – monitors IT processes for compliance with control requirements. Includes management oversight of control processes as well as independent assurance services provided by internal and external audits (3) Business Requirements (Information Criteria) I. Three criteria relate to the information security: confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) J. For the remaining four criteria, COBIT relies upon definitions used by COSO’s Internal Control – Integrated Framework (Effectiveness, Efficiency, Reliability, Compliance) Chapter 11 – CYBERSECURITY What are the 10 domains of cybersecurity? (1) Legal, regulations, compliance, and investigations (2) Information security and risk management (3) Security architecture and design (4) Telecommunications, network, and Internet security (5) Control access (6) Operations security (7) Physical and environmental security 8) Application security (9) Business continuity and disaster recovery (10) Cryptography What is the scope of cybersecurity in the accounting system? * Cybersecurity in an enterprise is not limited to just guarding against hackers and cyberattacks. It involves many aspects of enterprise operations, including how you train and educate your employees about secur ity awareness to safeguarding information assets, how to implement new technologies in a security conscious manner, how to maintain backups in order to recover and continue business operations, and how to provide the highest level of security in a cost-effective way Why is encryption important in securing accounting data? * For accounting purposes, encryption provides an especially valuable tool offering increased data integrity and confidentiality. Encryption can be used for accounting data in transit and for accounting data stored in the database. If an attacker is successful in penetrating the enterprise security and reaches the database, encryption of the stored data is an additional line of defense *Refer to Lecture PPT slides for more detailed information regarding key terms. Chapter 12 – THE RISK INTELLIGENT ENTERPRISE What is a risk intelligent enterprise? * The risk intelligent enterprise moves beyond security and controls to managing risk and then to using risk to create value What is the enterprise risk management (ERM) framework? * The ERM framework offers guidance to enterprises implementing enterprise risk management. ERM units may consist of entity-level units, divisions, business units, and/or subsidiaries * The four ERM objectives are Strategic – relate to goals that support the entity’s mission * Operational – relate to the effective and efficient use of the entity’s resources * Reporting – relate to the reliability of the enterprise’s reporting, both internal and external * Compliance – relates to the entity’s compliance with all applicable laws and regulations * The eight ERM components consist of * Internal environment – involves the risk management philosophy of the ente rprise, including the tone set by top management. Risk resilience, risk appetite, risk tolerance, integrity, and ethical values also affect the nternal environment * Objective setting – setting objectives that are consistent with the entity’s mission and risk appetite * Event identification – involves identifying potential events that might affect the entity. Events can be either internal events or external events that might affect the entity’s ability to achieve objectives. * Risk assessment – the process of assessing the extent to which events would impact an entity’s ability to achieve its objectives (impact/likelihood) * Risk response (avoidance/reduction/sharing/acceptance) * Control activities Information and communication * Monitoring What is spreadsheet risk management? * A significant risk for many enterprises is the widespread use of spreadsheets with limited controls. A spreadsheet risk management program includes using access and change controls with spreadsheets in order to be SOX compliant Chapter 13 – ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT * This chapter explains stages of SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) and SDM (Software Development Methodologies). Refer to Lecture PPT slides for more information. How to cite ACCOUNTING SYSTEM INSIGHTS, Papers

Importance Of An Information Security Of Softsolutions †Samples

Question: Discuss about the Importance Of An Information Security Of Softsolutions. Answer: Introduction As a company grows, the need for establishing a formal information security plan becomes a must, especially when the business is expanding. The more the employees, threat of data theft becomes more probable. Earlier the Company could easily manage the security of their information simply because of the less number of employees, hence tracking their movements were easy. But as an entity expands, need for a formal and more structured approach for security of the information becomes a necessity (Garrett). I being appointed as the information security manager of the Company, would detail out a formal report wherein I would be highlighting about the methodology that would be undertaken for managing the security of the data of the Company. The report would be designed in a manner wherein first and foremost the need and the role a formal structure would play for the organization. Further the various weaknesses which it would address will be discussed and what would be the implications in ca se of any theft of information which this said formal structure would help to manage and mitigate to some extent. I would also detail about the reasons behind having a formal policy and the benefits a company would derive out of such a policy. Last but not the least, to convince the readers further about the viability of my job, I would like to state a glimpse of therisk management plan that I have in mind with regards, managing the employment of the 20 people post acquisition of TransAct. Role Of An Information Security Manager In The It Governance Of A Company As an information security manager, I totally respect the fact that till date SoftSolutions have been successfully been able to manage the security of their data via installing various adhoc and unstructured methods. However the same was feasible until and unless the number of employees were small as when the business is small then it is easy for the owners to keep a strict vigilance personally. But the same demands for a more formalised structure when the number of employees shoots up above twenty five (Ansanelli,2005). Security is the most important factor for all entities. Outside hackers are not always a matter of concern, but also protection of internal hardware from leaking the confidential data is of equal concern. If a single customers data also gets disclosed, then the company ends up compromising on its reputation as well as trust. The job being done by SoftSoutions entails a huge amount of customer database as its job creation of websites for them, setting up of small crucial database containing critical information, which when revealed to the competition can lead to a financial loss to the client. As the business expands, need to protect the same becomes more critical as the employees are shifting from desktop operations to laptops and tablets, hence have a continuous access of information anywhere anytime. If there can be a leakage of data in Target wherein the security system was too tight, then happening of the same in a small company is not a difficult task. Thus the main role of an information security manager is to maintain a balance between the risks that are already present as well as those that are anticipated for the future. A companys level of risks undergoes change every month and it is the duty of an information security manager to be able to gauge such a change well in advance, thus we as security managers are proactive in dealing with such leakages and security threats (Brothy, 2008). Apart from managing the basic security hacks and risks, an information security managers job is also in managing the IT governance of any company. With acquisitions, the company would have more people on the board and due to the same, IT governance plays an integral role. IT governance comprises of guidance, organizational structures and the procedures that help to secure the data. IT security governance have five essential results. Firstly, it enables coalition of the safety of data with the business so that the aims of the entity are met. Secondly, it helps to manage risk by implementing suitable methods to direct and lessen risks and decrease possible implications on the information resources to a state which is acceptable by all. Thirdly,management of resources by making use of the information security knowledge and the infrastructure effectively. Fourthly, IT governance helps to measure, check upon and report information security governance metrics so as to conform achievement o f the goals of an entity. Lastly, value delivery by optimising information security investments in support of organisational objectives. Threats That A Formal Secuity Plan Would Deal With As is discussed above, being an information security manager, one of the main function is to ensure that the various weaknesses and threats to the data security is dealt with on time and in a more structured manner. On studying the working of the company, one of the biggest threat that the formal structure would deal with is keeping a track of the various applications being downloaded by the employees on their device. Since they have the liberty to download to any such software or hardware or datamanagement processes, hence their IP address should be tracked whenever a suspicion is felt. Further, the employees should not be allowed to work on road or within other businesses as this would lead to theft of their programming solutions due to which the company may end up losing various clients as well. Apart from that, the employees also have an access to the customers data which can be misused by them and SoftSolutions would not be aware also. Further the Wi-fi being used at various loc ations is also not reliable enough as various hackers create such false networks via which they steal the personal information of the customers. If the same is not managed then the company would be at a reputational as well as financial loss. I would also suggest that since the employees are using their devices mobile, hence VPN should be adopted which helps to protect the information since it encrypts all the things that are being sent thereby ensuring better protection (Cobb, 2015). Thus by installing all these protection and ensuring that the Wi-fis are avoided to be used at unknown places can help to deal with the issue in a better manner. Further the company should lock some of the websites which the employees cannot access even if the internet connection is an outside one. There systems should be thoroughly checked often and the access of the entire system should be made available at a host system whose access should only be with Tim and Catherine (Kochetkova, 2015). By doing so the employees would also be aware that any theft, they would be caught easily. Methodology For The Devlopment Of An Informtaion Security Policy The main aim behind the said methodology is that it would act as the main source and will provide a universal direction for the development, execution and preservation of an efficient and developing information security policy. The methodology is divided into five phases. The first is that of the assessment of the security required with regards the information which includes analysing the areas of threats and how the same should be safeguarded. Second is the construction of a policy which mainly concentrates upon development of the contents of the policy, who are the target audiences at whom the policy aims, its scope, the rules and regulations laid down for the employees and how the security of data would be managed. Third is the implementation of the policy, prior to which a thorough analysis oft he policy is done again so that any ambiguity is cleared and the same is valid enough to be rolled out formally within the organization. Fourth, maintenance of the existing policy as the t echnology changes, the ways of stealing the data improves too, hence the policy needs to be reviewed on a timely basis so that adequate changes as per the needs of the company is made. Lastly is the support of the employees which is one of the crucial as well. One of the most striking factor for the success of any policy document is the support from the employees, else it would be difficult to maintain the security and safety of information within the organization (Ramdeyal Eloff, 2010). Reasons For Developing A Formal Information Security Policy First and foremost, in a Company wherein no formal policy exists, the employees tend to behave in a notorious manner. As soon as the entire policy of information security is written in black and white and a consent of the employees are undertaken to abide with the same, theft lessens considerably. In such a manner, SoftSolution would be able to charge the employees with adequate punishments in case of any hacks and thefts (Brdiczka, 2014). Thereby a formal information security policy is a must specifically for companies which are growing because it safeguards the entities via upbeat strategy stands, develops laid down rules and regulations with regards how a user is required or expected to behave which covers the IT personnel as well, spell out clearly what be the outcomes in case of any such violations, formulate and develop baseline stance on security and protection so as to lessen the risk for the company and lastly makes it clear to people both outside as well as inside the organ ization that information is one of the most crucial assets of the entity and thereby it is a must that the same should be protected else it would lead to legal consequences (Chapple et.al. 2002). One of the main benefits that SoftSolution would derive by implementing or having such a policy in place is that employees would be self-disciplined. Thus the Company would be able to secure more orders and customers as well since they would be aware that their company data is secured at its best (Lord, 2017). Risk Management Plan Post Acquisition Of Transact To make themanagement understand in a better manner the importance of my role in the company, I would like to detail out a formal risk management plan in short that is their within my mind with regards taking over the employees of TransAct. A risk management plan along with a cost-benefit analysis are an integral part of the continuity plans for any business. By foreseeing the probable risks and hence trying to mitigate them will ensure that the business is able to recover the same if any such mishap happens. In this scenario, the company is going to have people on board by compulsion i.e. due to the acquisition of TransAct and thereby have no way to interview them. Thereby simply basis the management being happy with them, they had to be taken up. Thus the information security policy which is there in place should be signed by all so that they are aware of the consequences of any unscrupulous acts. Secondly, formal training is also a must highlighting the integral parts of the policy documents. Further, if there has been a hack in the past then the same should be made aware to them so that they come to know about the punishments and its severity. This way the company will be able to ensure that the data is protected and at the same time also gain the benefit of the customers who are already working with TransAct and the employees who have rapport with them. Thus by ensuring that the risk management plan and policy is communicated and providing them timely training would ensure that the c ompany is benefitting more. They get a whole database of fresh customers and those employees as well who are well-versed with their requirements. In this manner they would be able to continue relationships with them and the trust factor would also be better. Last but not the least, these employees also know how to provide after sales services which is very crucial for the success of any company in todays competitive scenario. Further the present employees of SoftSolutions would also find it easy to communicate with the new clients via the employees of the new company thereby if any new employee misuses the information of the entity, even then the company would not loose out on the client. Thus the overall benefit of getting new business and support service trained employees is much more than the cost that would be incurred in implementing a risk management plan. Thus the said plan would work as a contingency plan as well that if any of the new employee tries to betray the company, then also they have the option of retaining the client by the services they provide and also employing another reliable employee. This way they would not loose a customer and also secure their data well (Lee, 2001). Conclusion Thereby, the said reading defines the importance of my job profile and further to this, it is not a one time affair, rather an ongoing one since the requirements of the safety of the information changes. Businesses are becoming so competitive and globalised, that the importance of safety of data specifically of clients is a priority which needs to be addressed continuously. The employees keep on changing, some may leave, new may join and the frauds conducted by any may give a lesson to the company to improvise upon the existing security policy and systems. With the system of improving periodically, so will the confidence and trust of the customers both new as well as prospective ones. The mind of the hackers and the insider fraudsters keeps on thinking upon newer ways to hurt the organization and thereby the need for the information security officer ensures that there is an ongoing improvisation upon the already placed security system. Therefore my position as an information security manager would benefit the organization both in safeguarding their data and reputation as well as gaining them financially as well. References: Ansanelli,J., (2005), Employees the biggest threat to network security, Available at https://www.networkworld.com/article/2318535/lan-wan/employees-the-biggest-threat-to-network-security.html (Accessed 11th October 2017) Brdiczka,O., (2014), Insider Threats How they affect US Companies, Available at https://www.computerworld.com/article/2691620/security0/insider-threats-how-they-affect-us-companies.html (Accessed 11th October 2017) Brothy,W.K., (2008), Information Security Governance Guidance for Information Security Managers, Available at https://www.csun.edu/~yz73352/657/sent-0710/InfoSec-Guidance-for-Mgrs-Research-21May08.pdf (Accessed 11th October 2017) Cobb,M., (2015), Secure Public Wi-Fi : Locking down employees Wi-Fi security settings, Available at https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Secure-public-Wi-Fi-Locking-down-employees-Wi-Fi-security-settings (Accessed 11th October 2017) Chapple,M., Shinder,D.L., Tittel,E., (2002), Security Administration The Importance of a Security Policy, Chapter from the book: TICSA Certification : Information Security Basics, Available at https://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=30077seqNum=6 (Accessed 11th October 2017) Garrett,C., Importance of a security policy, Available at https://www.slideshare.net/charlesgarrett/importance-of-a-security-policy-11380022 (Accessed 11th October 2017) Kochetkova,K., (2015), 8 security rules for public Wi-Fi users, Available at https://www.kaspersky.co.in/blog/8-security-rules-for-public-wi-fi-users/5460/ (Accessed 11th October 2017) Lord,N., (2017), Data Security Experts Reveal The Biggest Mistakes Companies Make with Data Information Security, Available at https://digitalguardian.com/blog/data-security-experts-reveal-biggest-mistakes-companies-make-data-information-security (Accessed 11th October 2017) Lee,D.R., (2001), Developing Effective Information Security System Policies, Available at https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/policyissues/developing-effective-information-systems-security-policies-491 (Accessed 11th October 2017) Ramdeyal,A., Eloff, M.M., (2010), A General methodology for the development of an effective information security policy, Available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.217.3776rep=rep1type=pdf (Accessed 11th October 2017)

Final Paper free essay sample

An outline of this proposal s due in Week Three, and the proposal itself is due in Week Five. Your proposal must be properly formatted in A. P. A. Style and must be two to three pages in length (excluding title and reference pages). The following are specific requirements for this assignment: 1 . This assignment should be a planning proposal, as defined in our text, Technical Communication . The purpose of the proposal is to provide a solution to a problem or suggestions for improvement of a situation. 2. Assume that the audience for this proposal will be Oxford University administration. 3.Your proposal should fulfill the basic persuasive tasks outlined in Chapter Twenty-One of the text. 4. Your proposal should employ the persuasive techniques discussed in Chapter Four of the text. 5. Your proposal should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion that are appropriately labeled with these headings. 6. Your proposal should have a properly formatted A. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page P. A. Title page. (You do not need a Table of Contents. ) 7. Your proposal should have a properly formatted A. P. A. Reference page with at least two scholarly sources that support the problem or your suggestion/recommendation.If you are trying to make some extra money when you are away at Search for more tutorials here HTTPS://bitty. Com/rubella f you are trying to make some extra money when you are away at school and do not want it to interfere with your studies you should check out work study. Most of the time you will be able to get a position within your area of study and you can actually learn something. Communications. Final Paper free essay sample The name Romano was taken from the first wife of Ivan the Terrible who was Anastasia Romano, he daughter of Roman Youre. The children of Anastasia brother, Nikkei, took the surname Romano to honor their grandfather, the father of a tsarina. Michael Romano, Manikins grandson, became the first Romano tsar (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). The dynasty began after the Time of Troubles, when the smoky sober, or the Assembly of the Land, elected a 16 year old boyar, Michael Romano, to become the new tsar (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014).The new tsar imposed autocratic rule and created strong alliance with foreign countries. Other notable Romans include Peter the Great, who made many reforms and modernized Russia. There was also Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, who improved the trade and industry of Russia, and returned its economic stability. Then there was Catherine the Great who increased Russians borders and strengthened the countrys army and naval fleet. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another prominent Romano was Alexander l, who was known for organizing the serfs and the nobles, and for defeating Napoleon.There was also Alexander II, who was called the Tsar Liberator, by freeing the serfs after many years of serfdom. The dynasty ended only with the execution f the royal family of Nicholas II during the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The last tsar, along With his wife and five children were executed by the Bolsheviks. By killing them all, it assured the new rulers of Russia that the Romans cannot ever reclaim the throne again. This paper aims to analyze the events that led to the fall of the Romano dynasty in 1917.Different political, social, and economic factors which may have contributed to the fall of the dynasty will be discussed. There will then be an analysis of all the factors presented to find out which of the causes was the most important in eating to the fall of the dynasty; CAUSES OF THE FALL OF THE DYNASTY Long-Term Causes Grievances of the Peasants For more than three centuries, the tsar of Russia always had an unchallenged autocratic rule over all his people. However, in the 19th century and with the spread of industrialization and new ideas, the people started to call for a constitutional monarchy.This new request from the people was brought about by the hardship suffered by the peasants after many years of serfdom. This is why in 1861, Tsar Alexander II was forced to emancipate the serfs (Ellsworth, 2007). One would think that the freedom of the serfs would bring great improvement to their lives, but what actually happened was the opposite. The emancipation just worsened the situation of the former serfs. They had to pay redemption payments and they had less of what they previously had (Ellsworth, 2007).With the ongoing industrialization in the West, ideas of freedom and revolution started to seep into the borders of Russia. As industrialization started to happen to Russia too, the people became more aware of the inefficiencies of their current state of governance ND began to ask for reforms and changes in their way of life. In the year 1905, a group of protesters marched to the Winter Palace to ask the Tsar for reforms. They were met with armed forces who shot at the protesters. What started to be a peaceful demonstration turned into a bloody disaster. This event, known as the Bloody Sunday, led to the Revolution of 1905. By then, the people were very unhappy. They wanted changes and they wanted these to happen as soon as possible. The Tsars Lack of Competence Nicholas II, who came into power in 1894, was tasked to rule Russia in a time of turmoil. During his reign, Russia became involved in a war with Japan which destroyed Russians economy and military fleets. This war became an important reason as to why the Revolution of 1 905 happened. Aside from the war, numerous strikes continued to happen across Russia. However, Nicholas II did not grand the peoples propositions of better wages, shorter working hours, and a constitution (A-A. K. D. , 1999). The war, coupled with the already dire situation in the country, multiplied the misery and discontent of the people. The Revolution of 1 905 led to the October Manifesto, where Nicholas II rated the Dumas. The Dumb is a legislative body elected by the people. However, this did not appease the majority. The Dumb seemed to not have any power at all since the tsar still had authority to undermine whatever the Dumb decides to do.The Dumb still had no effect on the rule of the tsar. The tsar still had the ultimate power. This led to the growing distrust the people had towards the tsar and his government (Ellsworth, 2007). Short-Term Causes World War I Russians involvement in World War I brought a lot of negative impacts to the country. Economically, inflation occurred due to increasing war costs. Priority was given to the production of military goods which led to shortages of many consumer goods. Food supply was decreasing and the wages of the workers were too low to combat the effects of inflation.The people did not have enough food and this led to social unrest (Peppier, 1998). This was yet another event which showed the incompetence of Nicholas II. The tsar, without any knowledge of military tactics, decided to go to the front and handle the military operations from there. When Russia lost many battles, Nicholas II was the one who was blamed. Not only was the blame even to him, his absence from the palace also brought about many problems on his administration. Gorier Rasping During the war when Nicholas II was away, his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra, became in charge of administration.The tsarina was already unpopular with the people because of her German origin. There were rumors that said she was telling the German Kaiser of Russians plans in the war. Aside from her unpopularity, there was also the figure of Gorier Rasping. Rasping was a mystic from Serbia who was called to Russia because apparently, he was the only one who could cure the hemophilia that was lagging the Disservice Alexei. Since he was the only man who could save her son, the Tsarina put all her trust on this mysterious and strange man, up to the point that he began to influence her decisions (Ellsworth, 2007).The Russians did not like Restraints growing influence and so they had him killed. However, nothing changed and the administration of the government still did not improve with the death of the mystic. Revolution of 191 7 By 191 7, the effects of the war had done so much damage to the Russian economy and its people. Increasing demands on resources for the war creased the production of consumer goods. There was inflation, and the people could not afford to buy food and other supplies (Ellsworth, 2007). Most of the countrys resources were used on war efforts and the rest of the Russians were almost forgotten.This led to a growing dissatisfaction among the people. They started to form revolutionary groups. They held strikes all over the capitals in Russia. The strikes spread from Petrography to other areas of the country. It became worse when the soldiers started to join the strikes instead of stopping these. This revolution forced the Tsar to abdicate. When Nicholas II abdicated, a new Provisional Government was formed (Ellsworth, 2007). This marked the end of the Romano rule in Russia. ANALYSIS The fall of the Romano dynasty is often credited to its last ruler, Nicholas II. However, Nicholas II cannot be solely blamed for years of unfortunate events and generations of mismanagement which eventually led to the fall of one of the longest dynasties in the world. During the discussion above, it is seen that there were long term causes as well as short term causes that may have led to the eventual fall of autocracy in Russia. To give all the blame to Nicholas II loud be wrong, seeing that there have been some events that happened before his time that may have contributed to the dissatisfaction of the people with the monarchy.Serfdom can be seen to have played a big role in the dissatisfaction of the Russians and in the decline of the Romano dynasty. There have been many serfs in Russia and when their freedom was granted, what they got was even more problems and suffering. This would make them blame the government for the ills they have suffered in their lives. Peasant uprisings were one of the factors that led to the Russian Revolution of 1 917 which eventua lly led to the fall of the Romano dynasty. Probably the most crucial event that led to the fall of the monarchy was the outbreak of World War l.While he was at the war front, Nicholas left Russia to be governed by his wife Alexandra, who was heavily influenced by the mystic, Gorier Rasping. Under his influence, the Empress became paranoid. She adopted repressive and oppressive policies and appointed and dismissed government officials without proper deliberation. Poor leadership at this time caused discontent which led to strikes and revolutions. The problems piled up until he tsar could no longer find a suitable solution that would please all the Russians.The Russians had no food, they had enough of autocracy and desperately wanted to stop the war. Once they realized that their pleas were not being answered, they brought the issue into their own hands and started the revolution. This then led to the abdication of the tsar and to the end of the Romano dynasty. CONCLUSIONS It would not be right to declare that the fall of the Romano dynasty was the fault of Tsar Nicholas II alone. What brought about the fall of the dynasty started even before the time of Nicholas II.The situation of the peasants after the Emancipation of 1 861 continued to worsen over the years. This long term cause, when combined with the devastation experienced by the country during World War l, brought about a revolution that the tsar could do nothing to stop. While previous revolutions were halted and the protesters were silenced, this time, in 1 917, no reform or promise from the tsar could change the minds of the people. They had suffered too many years under Romano rule and they believed that their suffering will not end until a new ruler is brought upon them. Final Paper free essay sample Target corporation is one of the biggest retailers there is out there, bringing in an estimate of $74 million dollars a year in revenue. Majority of Target revenue is earned during the busiest time of the year, which are Black Friday and holidays. Target has had a huge positive reputation because of the â€Å"Expect More Pay Less† promise and giving 5% back to the community. However, Target has been going through some hard times because of the Target breach that occurred during the holidays of 2013. This research paper will focus first on introducing the Target breach and how it has affected the company and what the company has done to fix the problem. Moving forward, I will focus on internal controls that Target could have applied and summarizing everything towards the end. Target Breach Internal Controls Target Corporation is a well known and respected retail store out there. Target is a corporation that buys goods from manufactures at a purchase discount price and reselling it to consumers in a higher price to make a profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Target has brought in revenue of $74 million dollars a year and continues to grow every year. However, Target has gone through some hard times with the Target breach that just occurred during the holidays of 2013. Consumers have had a hard time trusting their card readers and loyalty and sales have been dropping ever since. The question that is now in the air is what internal controls that company had during this breach and what could they have done to avoid this breach that just occurred. To begin with, the company was running perfectly and driving outstanding sales until the company and guest found out that they had a breach, also known to the community as the â€Å"Target Breach. Target corporation confirmed that a major data breach occurred between Black Friday and December 15, 2013, which includes many of the most important shopping days of the year† (Edelson, 2013). Ever since the Target breach, the company’s reputation was hurt, consumers were not confident about shopping, and are afraid of using the card readers at the stores. Later in time, after the breach was announced, the company had given further information on how the breach affected the people. It is believed that the breach affected roughly 40,000 card devices at store registers, which could mean that millions of cardholders could be vulnerable, according to the people familiar with the incident† (Sidel, 2013). On top of the 40,000 card devices being affected, 40 million people’s credit card and debit card information was stolen. The CEO of Target Corporation later released to the press and announced that personal information such as address, names, phone numbers, and e-mail address were also taken from the Target system. After reading about the Target breach, being an assistant manager for Target, and hearing about the tragic that has been caused, I remember feeling upset because of the way the company was going to be affected. However, it also reminded of the internal control concept that was thought in class. There was a lot of fraud involved with the Target breach, which is something that occurs when it comes to intern control. â€Å"Fraud refers to any act by the management or employees of business involving an internal deception for personal gain. Fraud may include, among other acts, embezzlement of business cash, theft of assets, filing false insurance claims, filing false health claims, and financial statement fraud† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 314). With the Target breach, you are able to see the fraud triangle concepts, which consist of pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. Being employed by Target, that concept came into mine when reading the article because there was an e-mail sent to management about believing that an employee that worked with the POS (point on sale) system had a lot of inside information within the system. The pressure was there to get information from the POS system and rationalization was involved when they knew that they can get credit card information. The opportunity occurred when they knew the busiest time of the year was going to be Black Friday and majority of the sales are driven in that day. From all that has occurred it is not clear what internal controls Target had in order to avoid this situation. Internal controls are important when it comes to businesses in order to avoid situation like the Target breach. There are two parts that I believe that important when it comes to internal controls, which are prevention control and detection control. A â€Å"prevention control is intended to deter a problem or fraud before it can arise† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 316). Target should have followed the prevention control with the POS system in order to avoid the Target breach. A â€Å"detection control, on the other hand, is designed to discover any problems or fraud shortly it arises† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 316). Target followed the detection control after the problem of the breach was brought and took justice in their own hands in order to fix the problem. The first thing Target did was post a prominent message on its Web site, â€Å"Important notice: unauthorized access to payment card data in the U. S. stores. † The message linked to a letter alerting customers that a breach occurred and outlining steps Target is taking to a voice a recurrence† (Edelson, 2013). Another step that Target has taken is bringing justice for the information was that was stolen out of their systems. Target had invested $5 million dollars into a multi-year campaign in order to stop phishing scams (Target, 2013). â€Å"Target has longstanding history of commitment to our communities, and cyber security is one of the most pressing issues facing consumers today,† said Steinhafel. â€Å"We are proud to be working with three trusted organizations-the National Cyber-Forensics and Training Alliance (NCFTA), National Cyber Security Alliance (NCSA) and Better Business Bureau (BBB)- to advance public education around cyber security† (Target, 2013). Target has gone to long measures to protect the information of the guest and reinsure loyalty by offering ProtectMyID, which keeps track of credit reports, monitoring, and identity theft (Target, 2013). As an apology to the guest, Target offered a 10% off discount to all guests which were a huge success for the company but numbers of transactions was cash paid. Being an employee for Target, we are still determine to follow our core roles, continue delivering the â€Å"Expect More Pay Less† promise, and delivering an excellent shopping experience for our guest in order to continue driving profitable sales and guest loyalty. In order to avoid this situation and detect the problem ahead of time, Target should have incorporated the following elements that are designed for prevention and detection controls. The first element is establish clear lines of authority and responsibility, which is giving authority to a supervisor or manager but also evaluation their consequently to companies policies and rules. Implement segregation of duties, â€Å"requires that when allocating various duties within the accounting system, management should make sure that no employee is assigned too many different responsibilities† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg.317). Hire competent personnel, which the company sees if that person has the education and qualified skills to perform that job. Use control number on all business documents, which is having all important documents with control numbers. Develop plans and budgets, which is having a plan and budget in order to bring the company forward. For example, the $5 m illion dollars that were invested in the anti fraud software in order to bring guest loyalty back. Maintain adequate accounting records, which is making sure that the company has the most recent accounting records. For example, the number of fraud claims that were reported under guest bank statements in order to reinvers their money back. Provide physical and electronic controls, is locking their doors or important files to prevent theft, which should have happened with the POS system. Conduct internal audit, â€Å"is a company function that provided independent appraisals of the company’s financial statement, its internal control, and its operations† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 319). In conclusion, we are able to see how the company was impacted from the breach that had occurred and the actions that the company has taken in order to fix the problem. People information had been stolen and finances have been tampered through it. We are able to see how internal controls play an important part when it comes to finances, accounting, and to businesses such as Target. If the proper elements and procedures had been applied with internal control I am sure that all of this could have been avoided or reduced.